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The ALTER SYSTEM statement enables you to set, change, or restore to default the values of initialization parameters. If you are using a text initialization parameter file, the ALTER SYSTEM statement changes the value of a parameter only for the current instance, because there is no mechanism for automatically updating text initialization parameters on disk. You must update them manually to be passed to a future instance. Using a server parameter file overcomes this limitation.

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There are two kinds of initialization parameters:

• Dynamic initialization parameters can be changed for the current Oracle Database instance. The changes take effect immediately.
• Static initialization parameters cannot be changed for the current instance. You must change these parameters in the text initialization file or server parameter file and then restart the database before changes take effect.
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 Setting or Changing Initialization Parameter Values

With a server parameter file, use the SET clause of the ALTER SYSTEM statement to set or change initialization parameter values.

• Run an ALTER SYSTEM SET statement.

For example, the following statement changes the maximum number of failed login attempts before the connection is dropped. It includes a comment, and explicitly states that the change is to be made only in the server parameter file.

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The next example sets a complex initialization parameter that takes a list of attributes. Specifically, the parameter value being set is the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n initialization parameter. This statement could change an existing setting for this parameter or create a new archive destination.

When a value consists of a list of parameters, you cannot edit individual attributes by the position or ordinal number. You must specify the complete list of values each time the parameter is updated, and the new list completely replaces the old list.

• The SCOPE Clause in ALTER SYSTEM SET Statements
  The optional SCOPE clause in ALTER SYSTEM SET statements specifies the scope of an initialization parameter change.

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The SPFILE initialization parameter contains the name of the current server parameter file.

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When the default server parameter file is used by the database—that is, you issue a STARTUP command and do not specify a PFILE parameter—the value of SPFILE is internally set by the server. The SQL*Plus command SHOW PARAMETERS SPFILE (or any other method of querying the value of a parameter) displays the name of the server parameter file that is currently in use.

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Changing Initialization Parameter Values

You can change initialization parameter values to affect the operation of a database instance.

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• About Changing Initialization Parameter Values
  The ALTER SYSTEM statement enables you to set, change, or restore to default the values of initialization parameters. If you are using a text initialization parameter file, the ALTER SYSTEM statement changes the value of a parameter only for the current instance, because there is no mechanism for automatically updating text initialization parameters on disk. You must update them manually to be passed to a future instance. Using a server parameter file overcomes this limitation.
• Setting or Changing Initialization Parameter Values
  With a server parameter file, use the SET clause of the ALTER SYSTEM statement to set or change initialization parameter values.

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You use the CREATE SPFILE statement to create a server parameter file. You must have the SYSDBA, SYSOPER, or SYSBACKUP administrative privilege to execute this statement.

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To create a server parameter file:

• Run the CREATE SPFILE statement.

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The CREATE SPFILE statement can be executed before or after instance startup. However, if the instance has been started using a server parameter file, an error is raised if you attempt to re-create the same server parameter file that is currently being used by the instance.

You can create a server parameter file (SPFILE) from an existing text initialization parameter file or from memory. Creating the SPFILE from memory means copying the current values of initialization parameters in the running instance to the SPFILE.

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The following example creates a server parameter file from text initialization parameter file /u01/oracle/dbs/init.ora. In this example no SPFILE name is specified, so the file is created with the platform-specific default name and location shown in Table 2-3.

Whether you use the default SPFILE name and default location or specify an SPFILE name and location, if an SPFILE of the same name already exists in the location, it is overwritten without a warning message.

When you create an SPFILE from a text initialization parameter file, comments specified on the same lines as a parameter setting in the initialization parameter file are maintained in the SPFILE. All other comments are ignored.

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Oracle recommends that you allow the database to give the SPFILE the default name and store it in the default location. This eases administration of your database. For example, the STARTUP command assumes this default location to read the SPFILE.

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The following table shows the default name and location for both the text initialization parameter file (PFILE) and server parameter file (SPFILE) for the UNIX, Linux, and Windows platforms, both with and without the presence of Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM). The table assumes that the SPFILE is a file.

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If you create an SPFILE in a location other than the default location, you must create in the default PFILE location a “stub” PFILE that points to the server parameter file. For more information, see “Starting Up a Database“.

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When you create the database with DBCA when Oracle ASM is present, DBCA places the SPFILE in an Oracle ASM disk group, and also causes this stub PFILE to be created.

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If you are currently using a text initialization parameter file, then you can migrate to a server parameter file.

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To migrate to a server parameter file:

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1. If the initialization parameter file is located on a client system, then transfer the file (for example, FTP) from the client system to the server system.

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1. Create a server parameter file in the default location using the CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE statement. See “Creating a Server Parameter File” for instructions.This statement reads the text initialization parameter file to create a server parameter file. The database does not have to be started to issue a CREATE SPFILE statement.
2. Start up or restart the instance.The instance finds the new SPFILE in the default location and starts up with it.

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A server parameter file can be thought of as a repository for initialization parameters that is maintained on the system running the Oracle Database server. It is, by design, a server-side initialization parameter file.

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Initialization parameters stored in a server parameter file are persistent, in that any changes made to the parameters while an instance is running can persist across instance shutdown and startup. This arrangement eliminates the need to manually update initialization parameters to make persistent any changes effected by ALTER SYSTEM statements. It also provides a basis for self-tuning by the Oracle Database server.

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A server parameter file is initially built from a text initialization parameter file using the CREATE SPFILE statement. (It can also be created directly by the Database Configuration Assistant.) The server parameter file is a binary file that cannot be edited using a text editor. Oracle Database provides other interfaces for viewing and modifying parameter settings in a server parameter file.

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When you issue a STARTUP command with no PFILE clause, the Oracle instance searches an operating system–specific default location for a server parameter file from which to read initialization parameter settings. If no server parameter file is found, the instance searches for a text initialization parameter file. If a server parameter file exists but you want to override it with settings in a text initialization parameter file, you must specify the PFILE clause when issuing the STARTUP command.

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Initialization parameters for the Oracle Database have traditionally been stored in a text initialization parameter file. For better manageability, you can choose to maintain initialization parameters in a binary server parameter file that is persistent across database startup and shutdown.

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• What Is a Server Parameter File?
  A server parameter file can be thought of as a repository for initialization parameters that is maintained on the system running the Oracle Database server. It is, by design, a server-side initialization parameter file.
• Migrating to a Server Parameter File
  If you are currently using a text initialization parameter file, then you can migrate to a server parameter file.
• Server Parameter File Default Names and Locations
  Oracle recommends that you allow the database to give the SPFILE the default name and store it in the default location. This eases administration of your database. For example, the STARTUP command assumes this default location to read the SPFILE.

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• Creating a Server Parameter File
  You use the CREATE SPFILE statement to create a server parameter file. You must have the SYSDBA, SYSOPER, or SYSBACKUP administrative privilege to execute this statement.
• The SPFILE Initialization Parameter
  The SPFILE initialization parameter contains the name of the current server parameter file.
• Changing Initialization Parameter Values
  You can change initialization parameter values to affect the operation of a database instance.
• Clearing Initialization Parameter Values
  You can use the ALTER SYSTEM RESET statement to clear an initialization parameter value. When you do so, the initialization parameter value is changed to its default value or its startup value.

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• Exporting the Server Parameter File
  You can use the CREATE PFILE statement to export a server parameter file (SPFILE) to a text initialization parameter file.
• Backing Up the Server Parameter File
  You can create a backup of your server parameter file (SPFILE) by exporting it. If the backup and recovery strategy for your database is implemented using Recovery Manager (RMAN), then you can use RMAN to create a backup of the SPFILE. The SPFILE is backed up automatically by RMAN when you back up your database, but RMAN also enables you to specifically create a backup of the currently active SPFILE.
• Recovering a Lost or Damaged Server Parameter File
  You can recover the server parameter file (SPFILE). If your server parameter file (SPFILE) becomes lost or corrupted, then the current instance may fail, or the next attempt at starting the database instance may fail.
• Methods for Viewing Parameter Settings
  You can view parameter settings using several different methods.

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To limit the number of users created in a database, set the LICENSE_MAX_USERS initialization parameter in the database initialization parameter file.

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The following example sets the LICENSE_MAX_USERS initialization parameter:

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If you use named user licensing, Oracle Database can help you enforce this form of licensing. You can set a limit on the number of users created in the database. Once this limit is reached, you cannot create more users.

LICENSE_MAX_USERS = 200

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The COMPATIBLE initialization parameter controls the database compatibility level.

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• Set the COMPATIBLE initialization parameter to a release number.

• About The COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter
  The COMPATIBLE initialization parameter enables or disables the use of features in the database that affect file format on disk. For example, if you create an Oracle Database 18c database, but specify COMPATIBLE=11.2.0 in the initialization parameter file, then features that require Oracle Database 18c compatibility generate an error if you try to use them. Such a database is said to be at the 11.2.0 compatibility level.

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About The COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter

The COMPATIBLE initialization parameter enables or disables the use of features in the database that affect file format on disk. For example, if you create an Oracle Database 18c database, but specify COMPATIBLE=11.2.0 in the initialization parameter file, then features that require Oracle Database 18c compatibility generate an error if you try to use them. Such a database is said to be at the 11.2.0 compatibility level.

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You can advance the compatibility level of your database by changing the COMPATIBLE initialization parameter. If you do, then there is no way to start the database using a lower compatibility level setting, except by doing a point-in-time recovery to a time before the compatibility was advanced.

The default value for the COMPATIBLE parameter is the release number of the most recent major release.

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The UNDO_MANAGEMENT initialization parameter determines whether an instance starts in automatic undo management mode, which stores undo in an undo tablespace. Set this parameter to AUTO to enable automatic undo management mode. AUTO is the default if the parameter is omitted or is null.

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UNDO_TABLESPACE Initialization Parameter

The UNDO_TABLESPACE initialization parameter enables you to override that default undo tablespace for an instance.

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When an instance starts up in automatic undo management mode, it attempts to select an undo tablespace for storage of undo data. If the database was created in automatic undo management mode, then the default undo tablespace (either the system-created SYS_UNDOTBS tablespace or the user-specified undo tablespace) is the undo tablespace used at instance startup. You can override this default for the instance by specifying a value for the UNDO_TABLESPACE initialization parameter. This parameter is especially useful for assigning a particular undo tablespace to an instance in an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment.

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If no undo tablespace is specified by the UNDO_TABLESPACE initialization parameter, then the first available undo tablespace in the database is chosen. If no undo tablespace is available, then the instance starts without an undo tablespace, and undo data is written to the SYSTEM tablespace. You should avoid running in this mode.

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