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The rules for writing C# code is called syntax. Just like human languages have rules regarding punctuation and sentence structure, computer programming languages also have rules. Those rules define the keywords and operators of C# and how they are put together to form programs.

When you wrote code into the .NET Editor, you may have noticed subtle changes to the color of different words and symbols. Syntax highlighting is a helpful feature that you’ll begin to use to easily spot mistakes in your code that don’t conform to the syntax rules of C#.

How did your code work?

Let’s focus on the following line of code you wrote:

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Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");

When you ran your code, you saw that the message Hello World! was printed to the output console. When the phrase is surrounded by double-quotation marks in your C# code, it’s called a literal string. In other words, you literally wanted the characters H, e, l, l, o, and so on, sent to the output.

The Console part is called a class. Classes “own” methods; or you could say that methods live inside of a class. To visit the method, you must know which class it’s in. For now, think of a class as a way to represent an object. In this case, all of the methods that operate on your output console are defined inside of the Console class.

There’s also a dot (or period) that separates the class name Console and the method name WriteLine(). The period is the member access operator. In other words, the dot is how you “navigate” from the class to one of its methods.

The WriteLine() part is called a method. You can always spot a method because it has a set of parentheses after it. Each method has one job. The WriteLine() method’s job is to write a line of data to the output console. The data that’s printed is sent in between the opening and closing parenthesis as an input parameter. Some methods need input parameters, while others don’t. But if you want to invoke a method, you must always use the parentheses after the method’s name. The parentheses are known as the method invocation operator.

Finally, the semicolon is the end of statement operator. A statement is a complete instruction in C#. The semicolon tells the compiler that you’ve finished entering the command.

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To understand how your code works, you need to step back and think about what a programming language is. Consider how your code communicates commands to the computer.

What is a programming language?

Programming languages like C# let you write instructions that you want the computer to carry out. Each programming language has its own syntax, but after learning your first programming language and attempting to learn another one, you’ll quickly realize that they all share many similar concepts. A programming language’s job is to allow a human to express their intent in a human-readable and understandable way. The instructions you write in a programming language are called “source code” or just “code”. Software developers write code.

At this point, a developer can update and change the code, but the computer can’t understand the code. The code first must be compiled into a format that the computer can understand.

What is compilation?

A special program called a compiler converts your source code into a different format that the computer’s central processing unit (CPU) can execute. When you used the green Run button in the previous unit, the code you wrote was first compiled, then executed.

Why does code need to be compiled? Although most programming languages seem cryptic at first, they can be more easily understood by humans than the computer’s preferred language. The CPU understands instructions that are expressed by turning thousands or millions of tiny switches either on or off. Compilers bridge these two worlds by translating your human-readable instructions into a computer-understandable set of instructions.

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Starting a new project, including setting up the initial structure and configurations, can be a daunting task. Fortunately, ASP.NET Core provides various project templates that simplify this process. The project templates offer a standardized and efficient way to kickstart your development. This unit explores the different ASP.NET Core project templates available and how to use them to create new projects.

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ASP.NET Core is a cross-platform, high-performance framework for building modern web applications. Whether ASP.NET Core is the right web development framework for you depends on many factors.

When to use ASP.NET Core

ASP.NET Core for web development is ideal when your web app has any of these requirements:

• Rich user interfaces: You want to build interactive and dynamic web applications. With support for Blazor and popular front-end JavaScript frameworks, ASP.NET Core allows you to create rich user interfaces.
• API development: You need to develop robust API services. ASP.NET Core supports both RESTful APIs and gRPC, providing flexibility for different communication needs.
• Microservices architecture: You’re building a microservices-based architecture. ASP.NET Core’s lightweight and modular design is well-suited for microservices.
• High performance: Your application demands high performance and scalability. ASP.NET Core is designed to handle high traffic and large-scale applications efficiently.
• Modern development practices: You prefer modern development practices such as dependency injection, asynchronous programming, and modular architecture. ASP.NET Core supports these practices out of the box.
• Cross-platform requirements: You need to develop applications that run on Windows, macOS, Linux and Docker. ASP.NET Core’s cross-platform capabilities make it an excellent choice for diverse environments.
• Cloud integration: You plan to deploy your applications to the cloud. ASP.NET Core integrates seamlessly with Azure and other cloud platforms, simplifying deployment and management.
• Security and compliance: You require strong security features and compliance with industry standards. ASP.NET Core provides built-in support for HTTPS, data protection, and other security best practices.

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ASP.NET Core provides frameworks for building APIs, gRPC services, and real-time apps with SignalR to instantly push data updates to clients.

Basic Minimal API:

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var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/hello", () => "Hello, World!");

app.Run();

With the previous code:

• A minimal API is set up that listens for HTTP GET requests at the /hello URL and responds with “Hello, World!”.
• The WebApplicationBuilder is used to configure the app.
• The MapGet method defines a route and a handler for GET requests.

Middleware

ASP.NET Core uses a pipeline of middleware components to handle HTTP requests and responses. This modular approach provides flexibility, allowing you to customize and extend your application’s functionality by adding or removing middleware components as needed.

The middleware pipeline processes HTTP requests in a sequential manner, ensuring that each component can perform its designated task before passing the request to the next component in the pipeline.

Adding built-in middleware in the Program.cs file:

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var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.UseHttpsRedirection();

app.UseRouting();

app.MapStaticAssets();

app.UseAuthentication();

app.UseAuthorization();

app.MapGet("/", () => "Hello World!");

app.Run();

In the previous code, several common middleware components were added:

• UseHttpsRedirection: Redirects HTTP requests to HTTPS.
• UseRouting: Enables routing to map requests to endpoints.
• MapStaticAssets: Optimizes the delivery of static files such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images and other assets.
• UseAuthentication: Adds authentication capabilities.
• UseAuthorization: Adds authorization capabilities.
• app.MapGet: This is a simple endpoint to demonstrate that the application is running.

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An ASP.NET Core app is essentially a .NET app with a Program.cs file that sets up the web app component features you need and gets it running.

The most basic ASP.NET Core app’s Program.cs file:

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var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/", () => "Hello World!");

app.Run();

With the previous code:

• A basic ASP.NET Core web application is set up that listens for HTTP GET requests at the root URL (“/”) and responds with “Hello World!”.
• The app is initialized, configures a single route, and starts the web server.

Blazor

You can build interactive web UI with ASP.NET Core using Blazor. Blazor is a component-based web UI framework integrated with ASP.NET Core, used for building interactive web UIs using HTML, CSS, and C#.

A reusable Blazor component, such as the following Counter component is defined in a Counter.razor file:

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@page "/counter"
@rendermode InteractiveServer

<PageTitle>Counter</PageTitle>

<h1>Counter</h1>

<p role="status">Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

With the previous code:

• A component is created that displays a counter.
• The @code block contains the component’s logic using C#, including a method to increment the counter.
• The counter value is displayed and updated each time the button is clicked.
• A component approach allows for code reuse across different parts of the application and has the flexibility to be run either in the browser or on the server in a Blazor app.

The Counter component can be added to any web page in the app by adding the <Counter /> element.

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@page "/"

<PageTitle>Home</PageTitle>

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>

<Counter />

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ASP.NET Core is a cross-platform, high-performance framework for building modern web applications. This open-source framework allows developers to create web applications, services, and APIs that can run on Windows, macOS, and Linux. It is built for large-scale app development and can handle any size workload, making it a robust choice for enterprise-level applications.

Full stack web development

ASP.NET Core is a full stack web framework that seamlessly integrates front-end and back-end development needs within a single consistent framework:

• For front-end development, ASP.NET Core includes Blazor, a component-based web UI framework based on C# that supports both server-side rendering and client-side rendering via WebAssembly.
• Alternatively, ASP.NET Core can be integrated with JavaScript front-end frameworks like Angular, React, and Vue.

API development

ASP.NET Core is a powerful framework for API development:

• It supports creating JSON-based APIs, gRPC services, and real-time services using SignalR.
• With built-in OpenAPI support, developers can easily generate and visualize API documentation, simplifying the design and consumption of APIs.
• You can use ASP.NET Core to build back-end APIs for a variety of apps, including web apps and native mobile apps.

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Blazor is a fully featured web UI framework designed to handle the needs of most modern web apps. But whether Blazor is the right framework for you depends on many factors.

You should consider using Blazor for web development if:

• You’re looking for a highly productive full stack web development solution.
• You need to deliver web experiences quickly without the need for a separate frontend development team.
• You’re already using .NET, and you want to apply your existing .NET skills and resources on the web.
• You need a high-performance and highly scalable backend to power your web app.

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Blazor provides many features to help you get started and deliver your next web app project fast. Let’s take a tour of the core capabilities of Blazor to help you decide whether you should use Blazor for your next great web app.

Blazor components

Blazor apps are built from components. A Blazor component is a reusable piece of web UI. A Blazor component encapsulates both its rendering and UI event handling logic. Blazor includes various built-in components for form handling, user input validation, displaying large data sets, authentication, and authorization. Developers can also build and share their own custom components, and many prebuilt Blazor components are available from the Blazor ecosystem.

Use standard web technologies

You author Blazor components using Razor syntax, a convenient mixture of HTML, CSS, and C#. A Razor file contains plain HTML and then C# to define any rendering logic, like for conditionals, control flow, and expression evaluation. Razor files are then compiled into C# classes that encapsulate the component’s rendering logic. Because Blazor components authored in Razor are just C# classes, you can call arbitrary .NET code from your components.

UI event handling and data binding

Interactive Blazor components can handle standard web UI interactions using C# event handlers. Components can update their state in response to UI events and adjust their rendering accordingly. Blazor also includes support for two-way data binding to UI elements as a way to keep component state in sync with UI elements.

The following example is a simple Blazor counter component implemented in Razor. Most of the content is HTML, while the @code block contains C#. Every time the button is pressed the IncrementCount C# method is invoked, which increments the currentCount field, and then the component renders the updated value:

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<h1>Counter</h1>

<p role="status">Current count: @currentCount</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="IncrementCount">Click me</button>

@code {
    private int currentCount = 0;

    private void IncrementCount()
    {
        currentCount++;
    }
}

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Blazor is a modern frontend web framework based on HTML, CSS, and C# that helps you build web apps faster. With Blazor, you build web apps using reusable components that can be run from both the client and the server so that you can deliver great web experiences. Blazor is part of .NET, a developer platform for building anything. .NET is free, open-source, and runs cross-platform.

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